925236118/alphaagent/godot-shader-fundamentals

Name: godot-shader-fundamentals
Author: 925236118

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addons/agent/skills/default_skills/godot-shader-fundamentals/SKILL.md
Updated 27 Oct 2026
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Godot 4 Shader 基础语法与数学，包含类型系统、Uniform变量、内置函数及实用技巧。

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SKILL.md

Godot Shader 基础

1. Shader 概述

Shader 是一种运行在 GPU 上的特殊程序，负责决定如何处理网格模型的数据（如顶点位置、颜色、法线等）以及如何将它们绘制到屏幕上。Godot 引擎的 Shader 语言基于 GLSL，进行了简化和扩展。

为什么使用 Shader

高性能：GPU 并行处理，适合处理大量像素
程序化生成：可以动态生成纹理、颜色、效果
视觉效果：实现光照、阴影、材质等复杂效果
实时反馈：支持时间相关的动态效果

2. Shader 类型

Godot 4 支持 5 种 Shader 类型：

spatial（3D 着色器）

用于 3D 场景中的物体渲染，如网格、地形等。

gdscript

shader_type spatial;
 
void vertex() {
    // 顶点着色器：处理每个顶点
}
 
void fragment() {
    // 片段着色器：处理每个像素
}
 
void light() {
    // 光照着色器：处理光照计算
}

canvas_item（2D 着色器）

用于 2D 场景中的渲染，如 Sprite2D、Control 组件、ColorRect 等。

gdscript

shader_type canvas_item;
 
void vertex() {
    // 顶点着色器
}
 
void fragment() {
    // 片段着色器
    COLOR = vec4(1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0); // 输出红色
}

particles（粒子着色器）

gdscript

shader_type particles;
 
void start() {
    // 粒子产生时调用
}
 
void process() {
    // 粒子每帧更新时调用
}
 
void fragment() {
    // 粒子片段着色器
}

3. 数据类型

基础类型

类型	描述
`void`	空类型
`bool`	布尔类型
`int`	有符号整型
`float`	浮点数
`bvec2/3/4`	2/3/4 维布尔向量
`ivec2/3/4`	2/3/4 维整型向量
`vec2/3/4`	2/3/4 维浮点向量

矩阵类型

类型	描述
`mat2`	2x2 矩阵
`mat3`	3x3 矩阵
`mat4`	4x4 矩阵

纹理类型

类型	描述
`sampler2D`	2D 纹理采样器
`samplerCube`	立方体纹理采样器
`sampler3D`	3D 纹理采样器

4. Uniform 变量

Uniform 变量用于从 CPU 端向 GPU 端传递数据。

gdscript

shader_type canvas_item;
 
uniform float my_float = 1.0;
uniform vec4 my_color;
uniform sampler2D my_texture;

Hint 提示

Hint	描述
`hint_range(min, max)`	范围提示
`source_color`	颜色提示
`hint_albedo`	纹理提示（默认白色）
`hint_normal`	法线纹理提示

gdscript

uniform vec4 hurt_color : source_color;
uniform float hurt_intensity : hint_range(0.0, 1.0) = 0.0;
uniform float progress : hint_range(0.0, 1.0, 0.1) = 0.5;

5. 内置全局变量

数学常量

变量	描述	值
`PI`	圆周率	3.14159265359
`TAU`	2倍圆周率	6.28318530718
`E`	自然常数 e	2.71828182846

时间相关

变量	描述
`TIME`	从游戏开始经过的时间（秒）
`FRAME`	当前帧编号

UV 坐标

变量	描述
`UV`	当前像素的 UV 坐标（0.0 ~ 1.0）

6. 基础数学函数

绝对值与取整

glsl

float abs(float x)
float floor(float x)
float ceil(float x)
float round(float x)
float fract(float x)

极值与限制

glsl

float min(float x, float y)
float max(float x, float y)
float clamp(float x, min_val, max_val)
float step(float edge, float x)

插值函数

glsl

float mix(float x, float y, float alpha)
float smoothstep(float edge0, float edge1, float x)

7. 三角函数

glsl

sin(x), cos(x), tan(x)
asin(x), acos(x), atan(x)

8. 向量运算

点乘与叉乘

glsl

float dot(vec2 x, vec2 y)
vec3 cross(vec3 x, vec3 y)

长度与归一化

glsl

float length(vec2 v)
vec2 normalize(vec2 v)
float distance(vec2 a, vec2 b)

反射与折射

glsl

vec2 reflect(vec2 I, vec2 N)
vec3 refract(vec3 I, vec3 N, float eta)

9. UV 操作模式

缩放

gdscript

shader_type canvas_item;
 
uniform vec2 scale = vec2(2.0, 2.0);
uniform vec2 pivot = vec2(0.5, 0.5);
 
void vertex() {
    UV -= pivot;
    UV /= scale;
    UV += pivot;
}

旋转

gdscript

shader_type canvas_item;
render_mode unshaded;
 
uniform float angular_speed = 1.0;
uniform vec2 pivot = vec2(0.5, 0.5);
 
void vertex() {
    UV -= pivot;
    float rot = TIME * angular_speed;
    UV *= mat2(
        vec2(sin(rot), -cos(rot)),
        vec2(cos(rot), sin(rot))
    );
    UV += pivot;
}

偏移/滚动

gdscript

shader_type canvas_item;
 
uniform vec2 scroll_speed = vec2(1, 0.0);
 
void fragment() {
    vec2 offset_uv = UV + cos(TIME) * scroll_speed;
    COLOR = texture(TEXTURE, offset_uv);
}

10. 颜色操作

灰度处理

gdscript

shader_type canvas_item;
 
void fragment() {
    vec4 color = texture(TEXTURE, UV);
    float gray = dot(color.rgb, vec3(0.299, 0.587, 0.114));
    COLOR = vec4(vec3(gray), color.a);
}

颜色调整

gdscript

shader_type canvas_item;
 
uniform float brightness = 0.0;
uniform float contrast = 1.0;
uniform float saturation = 1.0;
 
void fragment() {
    vec4 color = texture(TEXTURE, UV);
    color.rgb += brightness;
    color.rgb = (color.rgb - 0.5) * contrast + 0.5;
    float gray = dot(color.rgb, vec3(0.299, 0.587, 0.114));
    color.rgb = mix(vec3(gray), color.rgb, saturation);
    COLOR = color;
}

11. 噪声函数

随机数

glsl

float random(float x) {
    return fract(sin(x) * 43758.5453);
}
 
float noise(vec2 st) {
    vec2 i = floor(st);
    vec2 f = fract(st);
    float a = random(i);
    float b = random(i + vec2(1.0, 0.0));
    float c = random(i + vec2(0.0, 1.0));
    float d = random(i + vec2(1.0, 1.0));
    vec2 u = f * f * (3.0 - 2.0 * f);
    return mix(a, b, u.x) + (c - a) * u.y * (1.0 - u.x) + (d - b) * u.x * u.y;
}

FBM (分形布朗运动)

glsl

float fbm(vec2 st) {
    float value = 0.0;
    float amplitude = 0.5;
    float frequency = 1.0;
 
    for (int i = 0; i < 6; i++) {
        value += amplitude * noise(st * frequency);
        frequency *= 2.0;
        amplitude *= 0.5;
    }
    return value;
}

12. 实用技巧

创建圆形

glsl

shader_type canvas_item;
 
void fragment() {
    vec2 center = vec2(0.5, 0.5);
    float radius = 0.4;
    float dist = length(UV - center);
    float circle = step(radius, dist);
    COLOR = vec4(vec3(circle), 1.0);
}

波浪效果

glsl

void fragment() {
    float wave = sin(UV.y * 10.0 + TIME * 2.0) * 0.1 + 0.5;
    COLOR = vec4(vec3(wave), 1.0);
}

条纹动画

glsl

void fragment() {
    float stripe = sin(UV.y * 20.0 + TIME * 5.0);
    stripe = stripe * 0.5 + 0.5;
    COLOR = vec4(vec3(stripe), 1.0);
}

13. 性能优化

减少纹理采样

gdscript

// 错误：多次采样
void fragment() {
    float r = texture(TEXTURE, UV).r;
    float g = texture(TEXTURE, UV + vec2(0.1, 0.0)).g;
}
 
// 正确：单次采样
void fragment() {
    vec4 tex = texture(TEXTURE, UV);
    float r = tex.r;
    float g = tex.g;
}

避免分支

gdscript

// 避免
if (condition) {
    color = a;
} else {
    color = b;
}
 
// 推荐：使用 step 或 mix
color = mix(a, b, step(threshold, value));

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