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name: building-detection-rules-with-sigma description: 'Builds vendor-agnostic detection rules using the Sigma rule format for threat detection across SIEM platforms including Splunk, Elastic, and Microsoft Sentinel. Use when creating portable detection logic from threat intelligence, mapping rules to MITRE ATT&CK techniques, or converting community Sigma rules into platform-specific queries using sigmac or pySigma backends.

' domain: cybersecurity subdomain: soc-operations tags:

soc
sigma
detection-rules
siem
mitre-attack
splunk
elastic
sentinel

version: '1.0' author: mahipal license: Apache-2.0 d3fend_techniques:

Execution Isolation
Process Termination
Hardware-based Process Isolation
Web Session Access Mediation
Process Suspension

nist_csf:

DE.CM-01
DE.AE-02
RS.MA-01
DE.AE-06

mitre_attack:

T1059.001
T1003.001
T1055
T1053.005
T1547.001

Building Detection Rules with Sigma

When to Use

Use this skill when:

SOC engineers need to create detection rules portable across multiple SIEM platforms
Threat intelligence reports describe TTPs requiring new detection coverage
Existing vendor-specific rules need standardization into a shareable format
The team adopts Sigma as a detection-as-code standard in CI/CD pipelines

Do not use for real-time streaming detection (Sigma is for batch/scheduled searches) or when the target SIEM has native detection features that Sigma cannot express (e.g., Splunk RBA risk scoring).

Prerequisites

Python 3.8+ with pySigma and appropriate backend (pySigma-backend-splunk, pySigma-backend-elasticsearch, pySigma-backend-microsoft365defender)
Sigma rule repository cloned: git clone https://github.com/SigmaHQ/sigma.git
MITRE ATT&CK framework knowledge for technique mapping
Understanding of target SIEM log source field mappings

Workflow

Step 1: Define Detection Logic from Threat Intelligence

Start with a threat report or ATT&CK technique. Example: detecting Mimikatz credential dumping (T1003.001 — LSASS Memory):

yaml

title: Mimikatz Credential Dumping via LSASS Access
id: 0d894093-71bc-43c3-8d63-bf520e73a7c5
status: stable
level: high
description: Detects process accessing lsass.exe memory, indicative of credential dumping tools like Mimikatz
references:
    - https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003/001/
    - https://github.com/gentilkiwi/mimikatz
author: mahipal
date: 2024/03/15
modified: 2024/03/15
tags:
    - attack.credential_access
    - attack.t1003.001
logsource:
    category: process_access
    product: windows
detection:
    selection:
        TargetImage|endswith: '\lsass.exe'
        GrantedAccess|contains:
            - '0x1010'
            - '0x1038'
            - '0x1fffff'
            - '0x40'
    filter_main_svchost:
        SourceImage|endswith: '\svchost.exe'
    filter_main_csrss:
        SourceImage|endswith: '\csrss.exe'
    filter_main_wininit:
        SourceImage|endswith: '\wininit.exe'
    condition: selection and not 1 of filter_main_*
falsepositives:
    - Legitimate security tools accessing LSASS
    - Windows Defender scanning
    - CrowdStrike Falcon sensor

Step 2: Validate Sigma Rule Syntax

Use sigma check to validate the rule:

bash

# Install pySigma and validators
pip install pySigma pySigma-validators-sigmaHQ
 
# Validate rule
sigma check rule.yml

Alternatively, validate with Python:

python

from sigma.rule import SigmaRule
from sigma.validators.core import SigmaValidator
rule = SigmaRule.from_yaml(open("rule.yml").read())
validator = SigmaValidator()
issues = validator.validate_rule(rule)
for issue in issues:
    print(f"{issue.severity}: {issue.message}")

Step 3: Convert to Target SIEM Query

Convert to Splunk SPL:

python

from sigma.rule import SigmaRule
from sigma.backends.splunk import SplunkBackend
from sigma.pipelines.splunk import splunk_windows_pipeline
pipeline = splunk_windows_pipeline()
backend = SplunkBackend(pipeline)
rule = SigmaRule.from_yaml(open("rule.yml").read())
splunk_query = backend.convert_rule(rule)
print(splunk_query[0])

Output:

spl

TargetImage="*\\lsass.exe" (GrantedAccess="*0x1010*" OR GrantedAccess="*0x1038*"
OR GrantedAccess="*0x1fffff*" OR GrantedAccess="*0x40*")
NOT (SourceImage="*\\svchost.exe") NOT (SourceImage="*\\csrss.exe")
NOT (SourceImage="*\\wininit.exe")

Convert to Elastic Query (Lucene):

python

from sigma.backends.elasticsearch import LuceneBackend
from sigma.pipelines.elasticsearch import ecs_windows_pipeline
pipeline = ecs_windows_pipeline()
backend = LuceneBackend(pipeline)
elastic_query = backend.convert_rule(rule)
print(elastic_query[0])

Convert to Microsoft Sentinel KQL:

python

from sigma.backends.microsoft365defender import Microsoft365DefenderBackend
backend = Microsoft365DefenderBackend()
kql_query = backend.convert_rule(rule)
print(kql_query[0])

Step 4: Map to MITRE ATT&CK and Add Coverage Metadata

Tag every rule with ATT&CK technique IDs in the tags field:

yaml

tags:
    - attack.credential_access        # Tactic
    - attack.t1003.001                # Sub-technique
    - attack.t1003                    # Parent technique

Track detection coverage using the ATT&CK Navigator:

python

import json
# Generate ATT&CK Navigator layer from Sigma rules
layer = {
    "name": "SOC Detection Coverage",
    "versions": {"attack": "14", "navigator": "4.9", "layer": "4.5"},
    "domain": "enterprise-attack",
    "techniques": []
}
# Parse Sigma rules directory for technique tags
import os
from sigma.rule import SigmaRule
for root, dirs, files in os.walk("sigma/rules/windows/"):
    for f in files:
        if f.endswith(".yml"):
            rule = SigmaRule.from_yaml(open(os.path.join(root, f)).read())
            for tag in rule.tags:
                if str(tag).startswith("attack.t"):
                    technique_id = str(tag).replace("attack.", "").upper()
                    layer["techniques"].append({
                        "techniqueID": technique_id,
                        "color": "#31a354",
                        "score": 1
                    })
with open("coverage_layer.json", "w") as f:
    json.dump(layer, f, indent=2)

Step 5: Test Rule Against Sample Data

Create test data and validate the rule catches the expected events:

bash

# Use sigma test framework
sigma test rule.yml --target splunk --pipeline splunk_windows
 
# Or manually test in Splunk with sample data
# Upload Sysmon process_access log with known Mimikatz signature

Validate false positive rate by running against 7 days of production data in a non-alerting saved search.

Step 6: Deploy to Production SIEM

Deploy the converted query as a scheduled search or correlation rule:

Splunk ES Correlation Search:

spl

| tstats summariesonly=true count from datamodel=Endpoint.Processes
  where Processes.process_name="*\\lsass.exe"
  by Processes.src, Processes.user, Processes.process_name, Processes.parent_process_name
| `drop_dm_object_name(Processes)`
| where count > 0

Elastic Security Rule (TOML format):

toml

[rule]
name = "LSASS Memory Access - Credential Dumping"
description = "Detects suspicious access to LSASS process memory"
risk_score = 73
severity = "high"
type = "eql"
query = '''
process where event.action == "access" and
  process.name == "lsass.exe" and
  not process.executable : ("*\\svchost.exe", "*\\csrss.exe")
'''
 
[rule.threat]
framework = "MITRE ATT&CK"
[[rule.threat.technique]]
id = "T1003"
name = "OS Credential Dumping"

Step 7: Version Control and CI/CD Integration

Store rules in Git with automated testing:

yaml

# .github/workflows/sigma-ci.yml
name: Sigma Rule CI
on: [push, pull_request]
jobs:
  validate:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
        with:
          python-version: '3.11'
      - run: pip install pySigma pySigma-validators-sigmaHQ
      - run: sigma check rules/
      - run: sigma convert -t splunk -p splunk_windows rules/ > /dev/null

Key Concepts

Term	Definition
Sigma	Vendor-agnostic detection rule format (YAML-based) that compiles to SIEM-specific queries via backends
pySigma	Python library replacing legacy sigmac for rule conversion, validation, and pipeline processing
Backend	pySigma plugin that translates Sigma detection logic into a target platform query language (SPL, KQL, Lucene)
Pipeline	Field mapping configuration that translates generic Sigma field names to SIEM-specific field names
Logsource	Sigma rule section defining the category (process_creation, network_connection) and product (windows, linux) of the target data
Detection-as-Code	Practice of managing detection rules in version control with CI/CD testing and automated deployment

Tools & Systems

SigmaHQ: Official Sigma rule repository with 3,000+ community-maintained detection rules on GitHub
pySigma: Python-based Sigma rule processing framework with modular backends and pipelines
ATT&CK Navigator: MITRE tool for visualizing detection coverage mapped to ATT&CK techniques
Uncoder.IO: Web-based Sigma rule converter supporting 30+ SIEM platforms for quick translation

Common Scenarios

New CVE Detection: Write Sigma rule for exploitation indicators (e.g., Log4Shell JNDI lookup patterns in web logs)
Hunting Rule Promotion: Convert ad-hoc Splunk hunting query into Sigma rule for ongoing automated detection
Multi-SIEM Migration: Converting 500+ Splunk correlation searches to Sigma for migration to Elastic Security
Purple Team Output: Convert red team findings into Sigma rules for immediate defensive coverage
Threat Intel Operationalization: Transform IOC-based threat reports into behavioral Sigma rules

Output Format

SIGMA RULE DEPLOYMENT REPORT
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
Rule ID:      0d894093-71bc-43c3-8d63-bf520e73a7c5
Title:        Mimikatz Credential Dumping via LSASS Access
ATT&CK:       T1003.001 - LSASS Memory
Severity:     High
Status:       Deployed to Production
 
Conversions:
  Splunk SPL:    PASS — Saved search "sigma_lsass_access" created
  Elastic EQL:   PASS — Detection rule ID elastic-0d894093 enabled
  Sentinel KQL:  PASS — Analytics rule deployed via ARM template
 
Testing:
  True Positives:    4/4 test cases matched
  False Positives:   2 in 7-day backtest (svchost edge case — filter added)
  Performance:       Avg execution 3.2s on 50M events/day

All versions