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Domain Knowledge Reference
U.S. Fiscal Year
- Before 1977: July 1 to June 30 (FY1953 = Jul 1952 - Jun 1953)
- After 1977: October 1 to September 30 (FY2000 = Oct 1999 - Sep 2000)
- Transition quarter: Jul-Sep 1976 (between old and new fiscal year systems)
- "FY 1963" with old system = Jul 1962 - Jun 1963
Historical Events (for date resolution)
| Event | Dates | US Involvement | |
|---|---|---|---|
| World War I | 1914-1918 | US entry: April 6, 1917 | |
| Great Depression | 1929-1939 | Stock crash: Oct 29, 1929 | |
| World War II | 1939-1945 | US entry: Dec 7, 1941 (Pearl Harbor) | |
| Korean War | 1950-1953 | Jun 25, 1950 - Jul 27, 1953 | |
| Vietnam War | 1955-1975 | Major escalation: 1965 | |
| Gulf War | 1990-1991 | Aug 2, 1990 - Feb 28, 1991 | |
| Bretton Woods collapse | 1971 | Nixon ended gold convertibility Aug 15, 1971 | |
| 9/11 attacks | 2001 | September 11, 2001 | |
| Financial crisis | 2007-2009 | Lehman collapse: Sep 15, 2008 | |
| COVID-19 pandemic | 2020-2023 | Emergency declared: Mar 13, 2020 |
Gold Bloc Countries (1935)
France, Netherlands, Switzerland, Italy, Poland, Belgium, Luxembourg (7 countries total -- if question asks to exclude some, remove those)
Treasury Secretaries
| Period | Secretary | |
|---|---|---|
| 1934-1945 | Henry Morgenthau Jr. | |
| 1945-1946 | Fred Vinson | |
| 1946-1953 | John Snyder | |
| 1953-1957 | George Humphrey | |
| 1957-1961 | Robert Anderson | |
| 1961-1965 | C. Douglas Dillon | |
| 1965-1968 | Henry Fowler | |
| 1969-1970 | David Kennedy | |
| 1971-1972 | John Connally | |
| 1972-1974 | George Shultz | |
| 1974-1977 | William Simon | |
| 1977-1979 | W. Michael Blumenthal | |
| 1979-1981 | G. William Miller | |
| 1981-1985 | Donald Regan | |
| 1985-1988 | James Baker | |
| 1988-1989 | Nicholas Brady | |
| 1993-1994 | Lloyd Bentsen | |
| 1995-1999 | Robert Rubin | |
| 1999-2001 | Lawrence Summers | |
| 2001-2002 | Paul O'Neill | |
| 2003-2006 | John Snow | |
| 2006-2009 | Henry Paulson | |
| 2009-2013 | Timothy Geithner | |
| 2013-2017 | Jacob Lew | |
| 2017-2021 | Steven Mnuchin | |
| 2021-present | Janet Yellen |
Key Financial Terms
- T-bills: Treasury Bills, short-term (4-52 weeks), sold at discount
- T-notes: Treasury Notes, 2-10 year maturity, pay semi-annual coupon
- T-bonds: Treasury Bonds, 20-30 year maturity
- TIPS: Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities, principal adjusts with CPI
- STRIPS: Separate Trading of Registered Interest and Principal, zero-coupon
- Savings bonds: Series EE (fixed rate) and Series I (inflation-adjusted)
- Agency securities: Debt issued by government-sponsored enterprises (Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac)
- Discount rate: The difference between face value and purchase price, annualized
- Coupon rate: Annual interest payment as percentage of face value
- Gross federal debt: Total outstanding debt (public + intragovernmental)
- Debt held by public: Gross debt minus intragovernmental holdings
- Intragovernmental holdings: Debt held by government trust funds (Social Security, Medicare)
- Budget surplus/deficit: Receipts minus outlays (surplus = receipts > outlays)
- ESF: Exchange Stabilization Fund, managed by Treasury
- SDR: Special Drawing Rights, IMF reserve asset
- Seigniorage: Profit from minting coins (face value minus production cost)
Key Policy Changes
- 1933: Gold standard abandoned domestically (Executive Order 6102)
- 1935: Social Security Act signed
- 1944: Bretton Woods agreement (fixed exchange rates)
- 1971: Nixon shock, end of gold convertibility
- 1983: Social Security Amendments (raised retirement age, taxed benefits)
- 1986: Tax Reform Act (simplified brackets)
- 2010: Dodd-Frank Act (financial regulation post-2008)