version: "1.0.1" name: terraform-stacks description: Comprehensive guide for working with HashiCorp Terraform Stacks. Use when creating, modifying, or validating Terraform Stack configurations (.tfcomponent.hcl, .tfdeploy.hcl files), working with stack components and deployments from local modules, public registry, or private registry sources, managing multi-region or multi-environment infrastructure, or troubleshooting Terraform Stacks syntax and structure. metadata: lifecycle-status: active copyright: Copyright IBM Corp. 2026 version: "0.0.1"

Terraform Stacks

Terraform Stacks simplify infrastructure provisioning and management at scale by providing a configuration layer above traditional Terraform modules. Stacks enable declarative orchestration of multiple components across environments, regions, and cloud accounts.

Core Concepts

Stack: A complete unit of infrastructure composed of components and deployments that can be managed together.

Component: An abstraction around a Terraform module that defines infrastructure pieces. Each component specifies a source module, inputs, and providers.

Deployment: An instance of all components in a stack with specific input values. Use deployments for different environments (dev/staging/prod), regions, or cloud accounts.

Stack Language: A separate HCL-based language (not regular Terraform HCL) with distinct blocks and file extensions.

File Structure

Terraform Stacks use specific file extensions:

• Component configuration: .tfcomponent.hcl
• Deployment configuration: .tfdeploy.hcl
• Provider lock file: .terraform.lock.hcl (generated by CLI)

All configuration files must be at the root level of the Stack repository. HCP Terraform processes all files in dependency order.

Recommended File Organization

my-stack/
├── .terraform-version               # The required Terraform version for this Stack
├── variables.tfcomponent.hcl        # Variable declarations
├── providers.tfcomponent.hcl        # Provider configurations
├── components.tfcomponent.hcl       # Component definitions
├── outputs.tfcomponent.hcl          # Stack outputs
├── deployments.tfdeploy.hcl         # Deployment definitions
├── .terraform.lock.hcl              # Provider lock file (generated)
└── modules/                         # Local modules (optional - only if using local modules)
    ├── s3/
    └── compute/

Note: The modules/ directory is only required when using local module sources. Components can reference modules from:

• Local file paths: ./modules/vpc
• Public registry: terraform-aws-modules/vpc/aws
• Private registry: app.terraform.io/<org-name>/vpc/aws
• Git: git::https://github.com/org/repo.git//path?ref=v1.0.0

HCP Terraform processes all .tfcomponent.hcl and .tfdeploy.hcl files in dependency order.

Required Terraform version (.terraform-version)

Use Terraform v1.13.x or later to access the Stacks CLI plugin and to run terraform stacks CLI commands. Begin by adding a .terraform-version file to your Stack's root directory to specify the Terraform version required for your Stack. For example, the following file specifies Terraform v1.14.5:

1.14.5

Component Configuration (.tfcomponent.hcl)

Variable Block

Declare input variables for the Stack configuration. Variables must define a type field and do not support the validation argument.

variable "aws_region" {
  type        = string
  description = "AWS region for deployments"
  default     = "us-west-1"
}
 
variable "identity_token" {
  type        = string
  description = "OIDC identity token"
  ephemeral   = true  # Does not persist to state file
}
 
variable "instance_count" {
  type     = number
  nullable = false
}

Important: Use ephemeral = true for credentials and tokens (identity tokens, API keys, passwords) to prevent them from persisting in state files. Use stable for longer-lived values like license keys that need to persist across runs.

Required Providers Block

required_providers {
  aws = {
    source  = "hashicorp/aws"
    version = "~> 6.0"
  }
  random = {
    source  = "hashicorp/random"
    version = "~> 3.5.0"
  }
}

Provider Block

Provider blocks differ from traditional Terraform:

1. Support for_each meta-argument
2. Define aliases in the block header (not as an argument)
3. Accept configuration through a config block

Single Provider Configuration:

provider "aws" "this" {
  config {
    region = var.aws_region
    assume_role_with_web_identity {
      role_arn           = var.role_arn
      web_identity_token = var.identity_token
    }
  }
}

Multiple Provider Configurations with for_each:

provider "aws" "configurations" {
  for_each = var.regions
 
  config {
    region = each.value
    assume_role_with_web_identity {
      role_arn           = var.role_arn
      web_identity_token = var.identity_token
    }
  }
}

Authentication Best Practice: Use workload identity (OIDC) as the preferred authentication method for Stacks. This approach:

• Avoids long-lived static credentials
• Provides temporary, scoped credentials per deployment run
• Integrates with cloud provider IAM (AWS IAM Roles, Azure Managed Identities, GCP Service Accounts)
• Eliminates need for platform-managed environment variables

Configure workload identity using identity_token blocks and assume_role_with_web_identity in provider configuration. For detailed setup instructions for AWS, Azure, and GCP, see: https://developer.hashicorp.com/terraform/cloud-docs/dynamic-provider-credentials

Component Block

Each Stack requires at least one component block. Add a component for each module to include in the Stack. Components reference modules from local paths, registries, or Git.

component "vpc" {
  source  = "app.terraform.io/my-org/vpc/aws"  # Local, registry, or Git URL
  version = "2.1.0"          # For registry modules
 
  inputs = {
    cidr_block  = var.vpc_cidr
    name_prefix = var.name_prefix
  }
 
  providers = {
    aws = provider.aws.this
  }
}

See references/component-blocks.md for examples of dependencies, for_each, public registry modules, Git sources, and more.

Key Points:

• Reference outputs: component.<name>.<output> or component.<name>[key].<output> for for_each
• Dependencies inferred automatically from component references
• Aggregate with for expressions: [for x in component.s3 : x.bucket_name]
• For components with for_each, reference specific instances: component.<name>[each.value].<output>
• Provider references are normal values: provider.<type>.<alias> or provider.<type>.<alias>[each.value]

Output Block

Outputs require a type argument and do not support preconditions:

output "vpc_id" {
  type        = string
  description = "VPC ID"
  value       = component.vpc.vpc_id
}
 
output "endpoint_urls" {
  type      = map(string)
  value     = {
    for region, comp in component.api : region => comp.endpoint_url
  }
  sensitive = false
}

Locals Block

Locals blocks work the same in both .tfcomponent.hcl and .tfdeploy.hcl files:

locals {
  common_tags = {
    Environment = var.environment
    ManagedBy   = "Terraform Stacks"
    Project     = var.project_name
  }
 
  region_config = {
    for region in var.regions : region => {
      name_suffix = "${var.environment}-${region}"
    }
  }
}

Removed Block

Use to safely remove components from a Stack. HCP Terraform requires the component's providers to remove it.

removed {
  from   = component.old_component
  source = "./modules/old-module"
 
  providers = {
    aws = provider.aws.this
  }
}

Deployment Configuration (.tfdeploy.hcl)

Identity Token Block

Generate JWT tokens for OIDC authentication with cloud providers:

identity_token "aws" {
  audience = ["aws.workload.identity"]
}
 
identity_token "azure" {
  audience = ["api://AzureADTokenExchange"]
}

Reference tokens in deployments using identity_token.<name>.jwt

Store Block

Access HCP Terraform variable sets within Stack deployments:

store "varset" "aws_credentials" {
  id       = "varset-ABC123"  # Alternatively use: name = "varset_name"
  source   = "tfc-cloud-shared"
  category = "terraform"      # Alternatively use: category = "env" for environment variables
}
 
deployment "production" {
  inputs = {
    aws_access_key = store.varset.aws_credentials.AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID
  }
}

Use to centralize credentials and share variables across Stacks. See references/deployment-blocks.md for details.

Deployment Block

Define deployment instances (minimum 1, maximum 20 per Stack):

deployment "production" {
  inputs = {
    aws_region     = "us-west-1"
    instance_count = 3
    role_arn       = local.role_arn
    identity_token = identity_token.aws.jwt
  }
}
 
# Create multiple deployments for different environments
deployment "development" {
  inputs = {
    aws_region     = "us-east-1"
    instance_count = 1
    name_suffix    = "dev"
    role_arn       = local.role_arn
    identity_token = identity_token.aws.jwt
  }
}

To destroy a deployment: Set destroy = true, upload configuration, approve destroy run, then remove the deployment block. See references/deployment-blocks.md for details.

Deployment Group Block

Group deployments together for shared settings (HCP Terraform Premium tier feature). Free/standard tiers use default groups named {deployment-name}_default.

deployment_group "canary" {
  auto_approve_checks = [deployment_auto_approve.safe_changes]
}
 
deployment "dev" {
  inputs = { /* ... */ }
  deployment_group = deployment_group.canary
}

Multiple deployments can reference the same group. See references/deployment-blocks.md for details.

Deployment Auto-Approve Block

Define rules to automatically approve deployment plans (HCP Terraform Premium tier feature):

deployment_auto_approve "safe_changes" {
  deployment_group = deployment_group.canary
 
  check {
    condition = context.plan.changes.remove == 0
    reason    = "Cannot auto-approve plans with resource deletions"
  }
}

Available context variables: context.plan.applyable, context.plan.changes.add/change/remove/total, context.success

Note: orchestrate blocks are deprecated. Use deployment_group and deployment_auto_approve instead.

See references/deployment-blocks.md for all context variables and patterns.

Publish Output and Upstream Input Blocks

Link Stacks together by publishing outputs from one Stack and consuming them in another:

# In network Stack - publish outputs
publish_output "vpc_id_network" {
  type  = string
  value = deployment.network.vpc_id
}
 
# In application Stack - consume outputs
upstream_input "network_stack" {
  type   = "stack"
  source = "app.terraform.io/my-org/my-project/networking-stack"
}
 
deployment "app" {
  inputs = {
    vpc_id = upstream_input.network_stack.vpc_id_network
  }
}

See references/linked-stacks.md for complete documentation and examples.

Terraform Stacks CLI

Note: Terraform Stacks is Generally Available (GA) as of Terraform CLI v1.13+. Stacks now count toward Resources Under Management (RUM) for HCP Terraform billing.

Initialize and Validate

terraform stacks init              # Download providers, modules, generate lock file
terraform stacks providers-lock    # Regenerate lock file (add platforms if needed)
terraform stacks validate          # Check syntax without uploading

Deployment Workflow

Important: No plan or apply commands. Upload configuration triggers deployment runs automatically.

# 1. Upload configuration (triggers deployment runs)
terraform stacks configuration upload
 
# 2. Monitor deployments
terraform stacks deployment-run list                          # List runs (non-interactive)
terraform stacks deployment-group watch -deployment-group=... # Stream status updates
 
# 3. Approve deployments (if auto-approve not configured)
terraform stacks deployment-run approve-all-plans -deployment-run-id=...
terraform stacks deployment-group approve-all-plans -deployment-group=...
terraform stacks deployment-run cancel -deployment-run-id=...  # Cancel if needed

Configuration Management

terraform stacks configuration list                    # List configuration versions
terraform stacks configuration fetch -configuration-id=...  # Download configuration
terraform stacks configuration watch                   # Monitor upload status

Other Commands

terraform stacks create              # Create new Stack (interactive)
terraform stacks fmt                 # Format Stack files
terraform stacks list                # Show all Stacks
terraform stacks version             # Display version
terraform stacks deployment-group rerun -deployment-group=...  # Rerun deployment

Monitoring Deployments with HCP Terraform API

For programmatic monitoring in automation, CI/CD, or non-interactive environments (like AI agents), use the HCP Terraform API instead of CLI watch commands. The API provides endpoints for:

• Configuration status and validation
• Deployment group summaries
• Deployment run status
• Deployment step details (plan/apply)
• Error diagnostics with file locations and code snippets
• Stack outputs via artifacts endpoint

Key points:

• CLI watch commands stream indefinitely and don't work in automation
• Use artifacts endpoint to retrieve Stack outputs: GET /api/v2/stack-deployment-steps/{step-id}/artifacts?name=apply-description
• Diagnostics endpoint requires stack_deployment_step_id query parameter
• Artifacts endpoint returns HTTP 307 redirect (use curl -L)

For complete API workflow, authentication, polling best practices, and example scripts, see references/api-monitoring.md.

Common Patterns

Component Dependencies: Dependencies are automatically inferred when one component references another's output (e.g., subnet_ids = component.vpc.private_subnet_ids).

Multi-Region Deployment: Use for_each on providers and components to deploy across multiple regions. Each region gets its own provider configuration and component instances.

Deferred Changes: Stacks support deferred changes to handle dependencies where values are only known after apply. This enables complex multi-component deployments where some resources depend on runtime values from other components (cluster endpoints, generated passwords, etc.).

For complete examples including multi-region deployments, component dependencies, deferred changes patterns, and linked Stacks, see references/examples.md.

Best Practices

1. Component Granularity: Create components for logical infrastructure units that share a lifecycle
2. Module Compatibility:

• Modules used with Stacks cannot include provider blocks (configure providers in Stack configuration)
• Test public registry modules before using in production Stacks - some modules may have compatibility issues
• Consider using raw resources for critical infrastructure if module compatibility is uncertain
• Example: Some terraform-aws-modules versions have been found to have compatibility issues with Stacks (e.g., ALB and ECS modules)

1. State Isolation: Each deployment has its own isolated state
2. Input Variables: Use variables for values that differ across deployments; use locals for shared values
3. Provider Lock Files: Always generate and commit .terraform.lock.hcl to version control
4. Naming Conventions: Use descriptive names for components and deployments
5. Deployment Groups: You can organize deployments into deployment groups. Deployment groups enable auto-approval rules, logical organization, and provide a foundation for scaling. Deployment groups are an HCP Terraform Premium tier feature
6. Testing: Test Stack configurations in dev/staging deployments before production

Troubleshooting

Circular Dependencies: Refactor to break circular references or use intermediate components.

Deployment Destruction: Cannot destroy from UI. Set destroy = true in deployment block, upload configuration, and HCP Terraform creates a destroy run.

Empty Diagnostics: Add required stack_deployment_step_id query parameter to diagnostics API requests.

Module Compatibility: Test public registry modules before production use. Some modules may have compatibility issues with Stacks.

References

For detailed documentation, see:

• references/component-blocks.md - Complete component block reference with all arguments and syntax
• references/deployment-blocks.md - Complete deployment block reference with all configuration options
• references/linked-stacks.md - Publish outputs and upstream inputs for linking Stacks together
• references/examples.md - Complete working examples for multi-region and component dependencies
• references/api-monitoring.md - Full API workflow for programmatic monitoring and automation
• references/troubleshooting.md - Detailed troubleshooting guide for common issues and solutions