huiali/rust-skills/rust-error-advanced

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深入错误处理专家。处理 Result vs Option, thiserror, anyhow, error context, library vs application errors, 错误处理, Result 用法, 什么时候用 panic--- # 深入错误处理 ## 核心问题 **这个失败是预期的还是 bug?** 错误处理策略决定代码的健壮性。

Install

npx vskill@latest install huiali/rust-skills/rust-error-advanced

SKILL.md

Result vs Option vs panic

类型何时使用示例
Result<T, E>预期会失败的操作文件读取、网络请求
Option<T>absence 正常查找、可能为空的值
panic!bug 或不变式违规程序逻辑错误、不可恢复错误
unreachable!()理论上不会执行到的代码匹配穷举

错误处理决策

失败是预期的吗?
│
├─ 是 → 这是库代码?
│ ├─ 是 → thiserror(类型化错误)
│ └─ 否 → anyhow(易用性)
│
├─ 否,absence 正常?
│ └─ Option<T>
│
└─ 否,bug 或不变式违规
└─ panic!, assert!

thiserror(库代码)

rust
use thiserror::Error;
#[derive(Error, Debug)]
pub enum MyError {
#[error("validation failed: {0}")]
Validation(String),
#[error("IO error: {source}")]
Io {
#[from]
source: std::io::Error,
},
#[error("not found: {entity}:{id}")]
NotFound {
entity: String,
id: u64,
},
}
// 使用 ? 传播
fn read_config() -> Result<Config, MyError> {
let content = std::fs::read_to_string("config.toml")?;
Ok(toml::from_str(&content)?)
}

anyhow(应用代码)

rust
use anyhow::{Context, Result, bail};
fn process_user(id: u64) -> Result<User> {
let user = db.find_user(id)
.with_context(|| format!("failed to find user {}", id))?;
if !user.is_active {
bail!("user {} is not active", id);
}
Ok(user)
}
// 组合多个错误源
fn complex_operation() -> Result<()> {
let a = operation_a().context("operation A failed")?;
let b = operation_b().context("operation B failed")?;
Ok(())
}

错误设计原则

场景建议
库代码thiserror,精确的错误类型
应用代码anyhow,易于传播和添加上下文
库依赖库传递第三方错误(#[from])
需要错误码枚举变体
需要错误链context() + with_context()

常见反模式

反模式问题解决
处处 unwrap()库中 panic用 ?
Box<dyn Error>丢失类型信息thiserror 变体
丢失上下文调试困难.context()
错误变体过多过度设计简化或合并

panic 使用场景

rust
// 1. 不变量验证(公开 API)
pub fn divide(a: f64, b: f64) -> f64 {
if b == 0.0 {
panic!("division by zero"); // 公开 API,确保调用者不传入 0
}
a / b
}
// 2. 不可恢复错误
fn start_engine() {
let config = load_critical_config();
if config.is_corrupted() {
panic!("cannot start without valid config");
}
}
// 3. 匹配穷举(理论上的永远执行不到)
fn process_status(status: Status) {
match status {
Status::Running => { /* ... */ }
Status::Stopped => { /* ... */ }
// 未来可能添加新状态
// _ => unreachable!("unknown status: {:?}", status),
}
}
// 4. 内部不变量
assert!(!queue.is_empty(), "queue should never be empty here");

错误链

rust
// 使用 map_err 转换错误
fn high_level() -> Result<()> {
low_level()
.map_err(|e| MyError::from_low_level(e, "high level operation failed"))
}
// 使用 with_context 添加调用链信息
fn middle_layer() -> Result<()> {
low_level()
.with_context(|| format!("while processing request {}", request_id))?;
Ok(())
}

最佳实践

  1. 库代码:精确的错误类型(thiserror)
  2. 应用代码:易用性优先(anyhow)
  3. 传播错误:用 ? 而非 unwrap()
  4. 添加上下文:使用 .context() 或 with_context()
  5. 保留错误源:用 #[from] 保留底层错误
  6. 区分 panic 场景:bug 用 panic,预期失败用 Result

Security

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Source

Popularity

Repository stars
21
Repository forks
4
7-day trend score
15

Stars and forks are for the whole GitHub repository, not this skill alone. Refreshed 23 Mar 2026, 7 months ago.

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