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version: "1.0.0"

debug-pro

Systematic debugging methodology and language-specific debugging commands.

The 7-Step Debugging Protocol

Reproduce — Get it to fail consistently. Document exact steps, inputs, and environment.
Isolate — Narrow scope. Comment out code, use binary search, check recent commits with git bisect.
Hypothesize — Form a specific, testable theory about the root cause.
Instrument — Add targeted logging, breakpoints, or assertions.
Verify — Confirm root cause. If hypothesis was wrong, return to step 3.
Fix — Apply the minimal correct fix. Resist the urge to refactor while debugging.
Regression Test — Write a test that catches this bug. Verify it passes.

Language-Specific Debugging

JavaScript / TypeScript

bash

# Node.js debugger
node --inspect-brk app.js
# Chrome DevTools: chrome://inspect
 
# Console debugging
console.log(JSON.stringify(obj, null, 2))
console.trace('Call stack here')
console.time('perf'); /* code */ console.timeEnd('perf')
 
# Memory leaks
node --expose-gc --max-old-space-size=4096 app.js

Python

bash

# Built-in debugger
python -m pdb script.py
 
# Breakpoint in code
breakpoint()  # Python 3.7+
 
# Verbose tracing
python -X tracemalloc script.py
 
# Profile
python -m cProfile -s cumulative script.py

Swift

bash

# LLDB debugging
lldb ./MyApp
(lldb) breakpoint set --name main
(lldb) run
(lldb) po myVariable
 
# Xcode: Product → Profile (Instruments)

CSS / Layout

css

/* Outline all elements */
* { outline: 1px solid red !important; }
 
/* Debug specific element */
.debug { background: rgba(255,0,0,0.1) !important; }

Network

bash

# HTTP debugging
curl -v https://api.example.com/endpoint
curl -w "@curl-format.txt" -o /dev/null -s https://example.com
 
# DNS
dig example.com
nslookup example.com
 
# Ports
lsof -i :3000
netstat -tlnp

Git Bisect

bash

git bisect start
git bisect bad              # Current commit is broken
git bisect good abc1234     # Known good commit
# Git checks out middle commit — test it, then:
git bisect good  # or  git bisect bad
# Repeat until root cause commit is found
git bisect reset

Common Error Patterns

Error	Likely Cause	Fix
`Cannot read property of undefined`	Missing null check or wrong data shape	Add optional chaining (`?.`) or validate data
`ENOENT`	File/directory doesn't exist	Check path, create directory, use `existsSync`
`CORS error`	Backend missing CORS headers	Add CORS middleware with correct origins
`Module not found`	Missing dependency or wrong import path	`npm install`, check tsconfig paths
`Hydration mismatch` (React)	Server/client render different HTML	Ensure consistent rendering, use `useEffect` for client-only
`Segmentation fault`	Memory corruption, null pointer	Check array bounds, pointer validity
`Connection refused`	Service not running on expected port	Check if service is up, verify port/host
`Permission denied`	File/network permission issue	Check chmod, firewall, sudo

Quick Diagnostic Commands

bash

# What's using this port?
lsof -i :PORT
 
# What's this process doing?
ps aux | grep PROCESS
 
# Watch file changes
fswatch -r ./src
 
# Disk space
df -h
 
# System resource usage
top -l 1 | head -10

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