prowler-cloud/prowler/prowler-attack-paths-query

Overview

Attack Paths queries are read-only openCypher queries over a Cartography-ingested cloud graph that detect privilege escalation chains, network exposure, and other graph-shaped security risks. Queries are written in openCypher Version 9 so they run on both Neo4j and Amazon Neptune sinks.

This skill is the concise, action-oriented reference for building queries. For the complete human-readable reference (graph model, list-typed and JSON-encoded properties, compatibility, and worked examples), see docs/developer-guide/attack-paths-queries.mdx.

Two query audiences

Predefined queries: every node must be reachable from the AWSAccount root via graph traversal. That is the isolation boundary.

Custom queries: write natural Cypher. The runner injects a _Provider_{uuid} label into every node pattern, and a post-query filter handles edge cases.

Input sources

Two sources for new queries:

1. pathfinding.cloud ID (e.g. ECS-001, GLUE-001), the Datadog research catalogue. The aggregated paths.json is too large for WebFetch:

```bash # Fetch a single path by ID curl -s https://raw.githubusercontent.com/DataDog/pathfinding.cloud/main/docs/paths.json \

# List all path IDs and names curl -s https://raw.githubusercontent.com/DataDog/pathfinding.cloud/main/docs/paths.json \

# Filter by service prefix curl -s https://raw.githubusercontent.com/DataDog/pathfinding.cloud/main/docs/paths.json \

```

If jq is unavailable, use python3 -c "import json,sys; ...".

1. Natural language description from the requester.

Query structure

Provider scoping parameter

The runner binds $provider_uid automatically. Every other node is isolated by path connectivity from the AWSAccount anchor.

Imports

from api.attack_paths.queries.types import (
    AttackPathsQueryAttribution,
    AttackPathsQueryDefinition,
    AttackPathsQueryParameterDefinition,
)
from tasks.jobs.attack_paths.config import PROWLER_FINDING_LABEL

Always use PROWLER_FINDING_LABEL via f-string interpolation, never hardcode "ProwlerFinding".

Definition fields

• id: kebab-case {provider}-{description}, e.g. aws-ec2-privesc-passrole-iam.
• name: short, human-friendly label. Sourced queries append the reference ID: "EC2 Instance Launch with Privileged Role (EC2-001)".
• short_description: one sentence, no technical permissions.
• description: full technical explanation, plain text.
• provider: aws, azure, gcp, kubernetes, or github.
• cypher: f-string Cypher body. Literal { / } are escaped as {{ / }}.
• parameters: parameters=[] if none.
• attribution: optional AttackPathsQueryAttribution(text, link) for sourced queries. link uses the lowercase ID.

Append the constant to the {PROVIDER}_QUERIES list at the bottom of the provider file.

Predefined query template

The canonical shape combines a principal walk, an optional target walk, deduplicated nodes, and a typed finding overlay:

AWS_{QUERY_NAME} = AttackPathsQueryDefinition(
    id="aws-{kebab-case-name}",
    name="{Label} ({REFERENCE_ID})",
    short_description="{One sentence.}",
    description="{Full technical explanation.}",
    attribution=AttackPathsQueryAttribution(
        text="pathfinding.cloud - {REFERENCE_ID} - {permission}",
        link="https://pathfinding.cloud/paths/{reference_id_lowercase}",
    ),
    provider="aws",
    cypher=f"""
        // Find principals with {permission}
        MATCH path_principal = (aws:AWSAccount {{id: $provider_uid}})--(principal:AWSPrincipal)-[:POLICY]->(policy:AWSPolicy)-[:STATEMENT]->(stmt:AWSPolicyStatement {{effect: 'Allow'}})
        MATCH (stmt)-[:HAS_ACTION]->(act:AWSPolicyStatementActionItem)
        WHERE toLower(act.value) IN ['{permission_lowercase}', '{service}:*']
           OR act.value = '*'
        WITH DISTINCT aws, principal, stmt, path_principal
        // Pre-aggregate the statement's resource values (see "Avoiding cartesian products")
        MATCH (stmt)-[:HAS_RESOURCE]->(res:AWSPolicyStatementResourceItem)
        WITH aws, principal, path_principal, collect(DISTINCT res.value) AS res_values
        WITH aws, principal, path_principal, res_values, ('*' IN res_values) AS res_wildcard
        // Target policies attached to the principal, matched once against the resource list
        MATCH path_target = (aws)--(target_policy:AWSPolicy)--(principal)
        WITH path_principal, path_target, res_values, res_wildcard, target_policy.arn AS parn
        WHERE parn CONTAINS $provider_uid
          AND (res_wildcard OR size([rv IN res_values WHERE parn CONTAINS rv]) > 0)
        WITH DISTINCT path_principal, path_target
        WITH collect(path_principal) + collect(path_target) AS paths
        UNWIND paths AS p
        UNWIND nodes(p) AS n
        WITH paths, collect(DISTINCT n) AS unique_nodes
        UNWIND unique_nodes AS n
        OPTIONAL MATCH (n)-[pfr:HAS_FINDING]-(pf:{PROWLER_FINDING_LABEL} {{status: 'FAIL'}})
        RETURN paths, collect(DISTINCT pf) as dpf, collect(DISTINCT pfr) as dpfr
    """,
    parameters=[],
)

Key points:

• The principal walk types the POLICY and STATEMENT hops. Both are low-fan-out (each principal has a handful of policies; each policy a handful of statements), so the typed edge lets the planner cost a cheap inline filter.
• The (aws)-- hub hops stay anonymous. AWSAccount is a high-degree node that fans out to every principal, role, policy, and resource in the account; typing those edges forces the planner to enumerate from the hub and collapses performance on multi-tenant Neptune.
• Other relationship types appear only where the file's existing queries already use one (TRUSTS_AWS_PRINCIPAL, STS_ASSUMEROLE_ALLOW, MEMBER_AWS_GROUP, HAS_EXECUTION_ROLE).
• The finding probe is typed :HAS_FINDING and left undirected. The type lets Neptune apply an inline edge filter; the lack of direction matches the convention of the rest of the file.
• Collapse duplicate rows after each permission gate with WITH DISTINCT, carrying only the variables needed by later clauses.
• Each HAS_* traversal is its own MATCH clause with a WHERE on the child item node. WITH DISTINCT path_principal, path_target precedes collect(path...) to dedupe the row multiplication produced by the joins.
• The RETURN shape paths, dpf, dpfr is the contract the serializer and visualiser depend on. Do not change it.

Avoiding cartesian products

Matching a target set (AWSRole, AWSUser, AWSGroup) and then filtering each target against a statement's HAS_RESOURCE items in a separate, unconnected MATCH builds a cartesian product: every target is paired with every resource item before the filter runs. On accounts with many principals this errors or times out. Pre-aggregate the resource values into a list, then match each target once:

// Pre-aggregate the statement's resource values into a list
MATCH (stmt)-[:HAS_RESOURCE]->(res:AWSPolicyStatementResourceItem)
WITH aws, path_principal, collect(DISTINCT res.value) AS res_values
WITH aws, path_principal, res_values, ('*' IN res_values) AS res_wildcard
 
// Match each target once; bind name/arn to locals so the predicate reads them once
MATCH path_target = (aws)--(target_role:AWSRole)
WITH path_principal, path_target, res_values, res_wildcard,
     target_role.name AS rname, target_role.arn AS rarn
WHERE res_wildcard
   OR size([rv IN res_values WHERE rv CONTAINS rname OR rarn CONTAINS rv]) > 0

• Aggregate resources before matching targets; cost becomes targets + resources, not targets × resources. This is a pure rewrite, the result set is identical.
• ('*' IN res_values) short-circuits the wildcard grant so the list scan runs only when needed.
• Bind target.name / target.arn to locals so the list comprehension reads them once per target, not once per resource value.
• size([...]) > 0 is the Neptune-compatible form of any() (see "openCypher compatibility").
• Two-statement queries aggregate each statement's resources into its own list (res_values, res2_values) and combine the two size([...]) > 0 checks with AND.
• Targets already constrained by a relationship (STS_ASSUMEROLE_ALLOW, TRUSTS_AWS_PRINCIPAL) need no aggregation: the relationship already bounds the set.

Privilege escalation sub-patterns

Four path_target shapes cover the common attack types. Each shares the canonical template's path_principal, deduplication tail, and RETURN; only the path_target MATCH and its resource predicate differ.

Multi-permission queries (e.g. PassRole plus a service-create action) add permission gates before path_target. Reuse the per-query counter for new variables (act2, policy2, stmt2) and collapse rows after each gate:

MATCH (principal)-[:POLICY]->(policy2:AWSPolicy)-[:STATEMENT]->(stmt2:AWSPolicyStatement {effect: 'Allow'})
MATCH (stmt2)-[:HAS_ACTION]->(act2:AWSPolicyStatementActionItem)
WHERE toLower(act2.value) IN ['service:*', 'service:createsomething']
   OR act2.value = '*'
WITH DISTINCT aws, principal, stmt, stmt2, path_principal

If a permission is an existence-only gate whose statement resource is not checked later, keep the policy and statement anonymous and carry only the variables still needed: