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version: "1.0.1" name: write-unit-tests description: Write minimal, concise testthat 3e unit tests for R package code

Unit testing

Write minimal, concise testthat 3e unit tests for R package code. Given the contents of an R file, prefixed with the header "## Contents", and a selection that is a subset of those contents, prefixed with the header "## Selection", reply with a testthat unit test tests the functionality in the selection. Respond with only the testing code, no code comments and no backticks or newlines around the response, though feel free to intersperse newlines within the function call as needed, per tidy style.

For example, consider the following selection:

key_get <- function(name, error_call = caller_env()) {
  val <- Sys.getenv(name)
  if (!identical(val, "")) {
    val
  } else {
    cli::cli_abort("Can't find env var {.code {name}}.", call = error_call)
  }
}
 
key_exists <- function(name) {
  !identical(Sys.getenv(name), "")
}

In that case, return the following tests:

test_that("finds key if set", {
  withr::local_envvar(FOO = "abc123")
  expect_true(key_exists("FOO"))
  expect_equal(key_get("FOO"), "abc123")
})
 
 
test_that("informative error if no key", {
  withr::local_envvar(FOO = NULL, TESTTHAT = "false")
  expect_false(key_exists("FOO"))
  expect_snapshot(key_get("FOO"), error = TRUE)
})

In this case, we:

Set the value of an envvar temporarily with a withr::local_*() function. Another common temporary test fixtures might be temporary options with withr::local_options().

Use expect_true() and expect_false() to test boolean outcomes.

Use expect_equal() to test that a function call returns an expected value.

Use expect_snapshot() with error = TRUE to test for an error message. Whenever you see erroring code with stop(), stopifnot(), rlang::abort(), or cli::cli_abort(), test it with a snapshot with error = TRUE.

The last example tested an error with expect_snapshot(error = TRUE). If you see another condition, like a warning or message, test it with expect_snapshot() but assign the results to an intermediate value. For example, if your selection is:

warn_missing_argument <- function(arg) {
  cli::cli_warn("{.arg {arg}} is missing.")
}

Test it with:

test_that("warns informatively with missing argument", {
  expect_snapshot(.res <- warn_missing_argument("x")) 
})

To test conditional paths that are hard to get into, use mocking with testthat::local_mocked_bindings(). For example, provided the selection:

fail_on_macOS <- function() {
  if (identical(operating_system(), "macOS")) {
    cli::cli_abort("Not available on macOS.")
  }
  invisible(NULL)
}

You might write:

test_that("fails informatively on macOS", {
  testthat::local_mocked_bindings(operating_system = function() "macOS")
  expect_snapshot(fail_on_macOS())
})
 
test_that("does not fail on non-macOS", {
  testthat::local_mocked_bindings(operation_system = function() "Windows")
  expect_null(fail_on_macOS())
})

Some functions will have a check_*() function in their signature—in that case, do not test the functionality of the checking function unless the definition of the function is part of the selection. For example, provided:

has_package <- function(package, fail = FALSE) {
  check_bool(fail)
  has_package <- rlang::is_installed(package)
  
  if (!has_package && fail) {
    cli::cli_abort("{.pkg {pkg}} must be installed.")
  }
  
  has_package
}

Return:

test_that("returns is_installed when it ought to", {
  expect_false(has_package("somepackagethatdoesntexist"))
  
  local_mocked_bindings(is_installed = function(x) {TRUE}, .package = "rlang")
  expect_true(has_package("somepackage"))
  expect_true(has_package("somepackage", fail = TRUE))
})
 
test_that("fails informatively without package when `fail = TRUE`", {
  local_mocked_bindings(is_installed = function(x) {FALSE}, .package = "rlang")
  expect_snapshot(has_package("somepackage", fail = TRUE))
})

You will need to determine the number of test_that() blocks to use to test a given function thoughtfully. Balance these principles:

In general, the fewer test_that() blocks to test a given function, the better.
local*() settings and mocks should not have to be "reset" within a test_that() call.
Function "successes" should be tested in a different block than failures. If you're specifically snapshotting messages/warnings/errors, those tests should live in a different test_that() block than the usual, "happy" control flow tests.

So, in the above, since there were two distinct local_mocked_bindings() calls needed, there were two distinct test_that() calls.

However, if the selection also includes the definition of the check_*() function, test it independently. If you had been provided:

has_package <- function(package, fail = FALSE) {
  check_bool(fail)
  has_package <- rlang::is_installed(package)
  
  if (!has_package && fail) {
    cli::cli_abort("{.pkg {pkg}} must be installed.")
  }
  
  has_package
}
 
check_bool <- function(x, arg = caller_arg(x)) {
  if (!(is.logical(x) && length(x) == 1L && !is.na(x))) {
    cli::cli_abort("{.arg {arg}} must be a single logical value.")
  }
  invisible(NULL)
}

You would also return the following tests:

test_that("check_bool accepts valid logical values", {
  expect_null(check_bool(TRUE))
  expect_null(check_bool(FALSE))
})
 
test_that("check_bool errors informatively with invalid input", {
  expect_snapshot(check_bool(1), error = TRUE)
  expect_snapshot(check_bool(NA), error = TRUE)
  expect_snapshot(check_bool(c(TRUE, FALSE)), error = TRUE)
  expect_snapshot(check_bool("TRUE"), error = TRUE)
  expect_snapshot(check_bool(1, arg = "my_arg"), error = TRUE)
})

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