Skill v3.0.0

name: cplusplus-ecosystem description: Use for C++ projects - CMake/Ninja build, clang-tidy/clang-format, GoogleTest/Catch2, and Modern C++ (C++20/23/26) language patterns. version: 3.0.0

Patterns for Modern C++ (C++20/23/26), CMake/Ninja builds, and the clang toolchain, focused on behavior that surprises, build hazards, and concrete tool invocations rather than language basics.

C++20 modules and coroutines

Modules replace textual #include with a compiled interface, cutting redundant reparsing across translation units. Requires CMake 3.28+ with CMAKE_CXX_SCAN_FOR_MODULES ON; GCC 15+ and Clang 18+ have production-ready support. import std; (whole standard library as one module) needs CMake 3.30+ and CMAKE_CXX_MODULE_STD ON.

// math.cppm
export module math;
export int add(int a, int b) { return a + b; }

Coroutines provide co_await/co_yield/co_return but ship no promise types — a raw co_yield needs a hand-written generator<T> promise, or a library (cppcoro, libcoro), before it compiles. C++23's std::generator (below) removes this requirement for the generator case.

Defaulted `operator<=>` generates ==, !=, <, >, <=, >= from one declaration — the surprise is forgetting that the synthesized == is member-wise, not your intended custom equality.

C++23 — stable (GCC 14+, Clang 18+, MSVC 17.10+; use -std=c++23 in production)

• `std::expected<T, E>` — monadic error handling (.transform, .transform_error) as an

alternative to exceptions for expected-failure paths.

• `std::print` / `std::println` — type-safe formatted output; replaces iostream/printf

formatting entirely.

• `std::flat_map` / `std::flat_set` — contiguous sorted storage, faster than std::map/std::set

for small-to-medium collections from cache locality; iterator-invalidation rules differ from the node-based containers, so don't carry over map/set assumptions.

• Deducing `this` — an explicit object parameter eliminates CRTP boilerplate and enables

recursive lambdas: auto fib = [](this auto self, int n) { return n < 2 ? n : self(n-1) + self(n-2); };

• `std::generator<T>` — standard coroutine generator; no custom promise type needed.
• `import std;` — needs CMake 3.30+, GCC 15+/Clang 18+ with libc++, CMAKE_CXX_MODULE_STD ON.
• `std::stacktrace` — portable capture via std::stacktrace::current(); on GCC, link

-lstdc++_libbacktrace.

• `if consteval` — detects compile-time evaluation context, replacing

std::is_constant_evaluated(), so one function body can take a fast non-constexpr runtime path and a separate compile-time path.

• Multidimensional `operator[]` — operator[](size_t row, size_t col) is now legal; before

C++23 this required operator().

C++26 — progressively landing; check the compiler version before relying on any of these

• Reflection (^^ operator, -std=c++2c -freflection) — compile-time introspection of types

and members (members_of(^^T)). GCC 16.1 (April 2026) is the first release shipping it.

• Contracts — pre(...), post(r: ...), contract_assert(...). GCC 16.1 ships an

experimental implementation; behavior is not yet stable across compilers.

• `std::execution` (P2300) — sender/receiver model replacing ad-hoc async with composable

pipelines (schedule | then | then, sync_wait). Reference implementation: stdexec. Shipping in GCC 16 and libc++.

• Pattern matching (P2688) — not approved for C++26, expected C++29. std::visit +

std::variant remains the only portable option until then.

Silent failure modes

• Throwing from a destructor calls `std::terminate`. Destructors are implicitly noexcept

since C++11; an exception escaping one during stack unwinding terminates the process instead of propagating. Mark destructors noexcept explicitly and handle errors internally.

• Using an object after `std::move`ing it compiles silently and reads a moved-from

(valid-but-unspecified) state — clang-tidy's bugprone-use-after-move is the only thing that reliably catches this; the compiler does not.

• `CMAKE_CXX_EXTENSIONS` defaults ON, silently compiling with -std=gnu++23 instead of

-std=c++23 — GNU extensions pass locally and fail on a strict-standard compiler elsewhere. Set CMAKE_CXX_EXTENSIONS OFF explicitly.

• Locking multiple mutexes individually risks deadlock from inconsistent acquisition order

across threads. std::scoped_lock locks an arbitrary set atomically via a deadlock-avoidance algorithm — use it instead of nested lock_guards.

• **A class relying on the Rule of Zero breaks the moment one member becomes a raw owning

pointer.** Defining any one of destructor/copy-ctor/move-ctor/copy-assign/move-assign suppresses the compiler's synthesis of the other four — define all five (Rule of Five) once a class manages a resource directly, or keep it at zero by holding only smart pointers and standard containers.

CMake / Ninja

cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.30)
project(MyProject VERSION 1.0.0 LANGUAGES CXX)
set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 23)
set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD_REQUIRED ON)
set(CMAKE_CXX_EXTENSIONS OFF)   # see Silent failure modes above

CMakePresets.json (3.21+) pins generator, build dir, and cache variables per configuration so cmake --preset X && cmake --build --preset X reproduces across machines without CLI flags:

{
  "version": 6,
  "configurePresets": [{
    "name": "default", "generator": "Ninja",
    "binaryDir": "${sourceDir}/build/${presetName}",
    "cacheVariables": { "CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD": "23", "CMAKE_EXPORT_COMPILE_COMMANDS": "ON" }
  }]
}

Dependency management: vcpkg (-DCMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE=$VCPKG_ROOT/scripts/buildsystems/vcpkg.cmake, dependencies declared in vcpkg.json) integrates directly with presets. Conan 2.x (not 1.x — CLI and generator format changed) uses conanfile.py/conanfile.txt with CMake generators: conan install . --output-folder=build --build=missing.

Warning flags worth enabling as an INTERFACE target so every consumer inherits them:

target_compile_options(project_warnings INTERFACE
  $<$<CXX_COMPILER_ID:GNU,Clang>:
    -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -Werror -Wshadow -Wnon-virtual-dtor -Wold-style-cast
    -Wcast-align -Wunused -Woverloaded-virtual -Wconversion -Wsign-conversion -Wnull-dereference
  >
)

Common invocations: cmake -B build -G Ninja, cmake --build build, cmake --build build --target test, cmake --install build --prefix /usr/local.

Toolchain

GCC 16 changed its default standard from C++17 to C++20 — a project relying on the implicit default silently picks up new language rules on a compiler upgrade; pin -std=c++23 (or CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD) explicitly rather than trusting the default. GCC 15+ also defaults C mode to C23. Clang 19+ has comprehensive C++23 support; -std=c++2c enables the experimental C++26 mode on both compilers.

Sanitizer flags:

• AddressSanitizer — -fsanitize=address -fno-omit-frame-pointer: buffer overflow, use-after-free.
• UndefinedBehaviorSanitizer — -fsanitize=undefined: signed overflow, null dereference, and other UB.
• ThreadSanitizer — -fsanitize=thread: data races and deadlocks; **cannot be combined with

AddressSanitizer** in the same binary.

• MemorySanitizer — -fsanitize=memory: uninitialized reads, Clang-only; requires every linked

library to be instrumented or it reports false positives.

clang-tidy (19+ for C++23): clang-tidy src/*.cpp -- -std=c++23. A .clang-tidy enabling bugprone-*, clang-analyzer-*, cppcoreguidelines-*, modernize-*, performance-*, readability-* with WarningsAsErrors: '*' turns findings into build failures rather than ignorable diagnostics. High-value checks: bugprone-use-after-move (the only reliable catch for the moved-from trap above), cppcoreguidelines-owning-memory, performance-unnecessary-copy-initialization.

clang-format (19+ for C++23 syntax): clang-format -i src/*.cpp include/*.hpp. Set Standard: c++23 explicitly in .clang-format — an older Standard value can reformat C++23-only syntax (multidimensional subscript, deducing-this) incorrectly.

Testing

GoogleTest:

enable_testing()
find_package(GTest REQUIRED)
add_executable(tests tests/test_main.cpp)
target_link_libraries(tests PRIVATE GTest::gtest GTest::gtest_main)
include(GoogleTest)
gtest_discover_tests(tests)

TEST_F binds a test to a ::testing::Test subclass; its SetUp/TearDown overrides run once per test, not once per fixture instance.

Catch2 (v3):

find_package(Catch2 3 REQUIRED)
target_link_libraries(tests PRIVATE Catch2::Catch2WithMain)
include(CTest)
include(Catch)
catch_discover_tests(tests)

Each SECTION re-runs the entire enclosing TEST_CASE body from the top for that section's path alone — local state set up before the SECTIONs is fresh on every run, so mutating a local inside one SECTION never leaks into a sibling SECTION.

Context7 library IDs

Related

• serena-usage — symbol-level navigation and refactoring for C++ code.
• context7-usage — pulling current docs via the library IDs above

instead of relying on possibly-stale training data.

• investigation-patterns — debugging with sanitizers,

valgrind, and gdb once a sanitizer above has flagged a fault.

• technical-documentation — writing Doxygen-based library

documentation.